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The Federalists defended the weakest points of the Constitution (such as its current lack of a bill of individual rights) by suggesting that current protections were sufficient and that Congress could always propose amendments later. The essays explored the proposed Constitution, defended its provisions, and outlined the ways in which its check and balances would prevent abuses of power. The men acknowledged that the Constitution was not perfect, but argued it was far superior to any other proposal made.
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The Constitution was debated, criticized, and expounded clause-by-clause.Īlexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a series of essays popularly referred to as The Federalist Papers, which supported ratification and attacked the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Two parties soon developed: Federalists in support of the Constitution and Anti-Federalists opposed. Many state governments were also interested in retaining their powers and were resistant to ratifying a new, stronger, centralized government. The fight for ratification was arduous, largely because special conventions were required in lieu of hearings within the state legislatures for ratification. The need for only nine states was a controversial decision at the time, as the Articles of Confederation could only be amended through a unanimous vote of all states. On September 28, 1787, after some debate, Congress unanimously decided to submit the Constitution to the states for action. More populous states, such as Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts, would be critical to this process. However, the Convention had decided that only nine states-two-thirds of the total number of states-would need to ratify the Constitution in order to inaugurate the new government.
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Benjamin Franklin gave a speech shortly after the Constitution had been completed, urging unanimity among all states. The old Congress maintained the powers to expedite or block its ratification. On September 17, 1787, the the delegates at the Philadelphia Convention finalized the new United States Constitution.
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By May 1790, all 13 states had ratified it.
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The Bill of Rights was then created under the Constitution, leading to North Carolina, and finally Rhode Island, agreeing to ratify.Eventually the nine necessary states ratified it, and the Continental Congress passed a resolution on September 13, 1788, to put it into operation. Each state held a convention to debate, and then ratify or reject, the Constitution.Anti-Federalists such as Patrick Henry attacked the Constitution, suggesting it would lead to a dangerously powerful national government, and cited the lack of a bill of rights as a dangerous omission.In a series of pamphlets supporting ratification, Federalists attacked the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and articulated their support for the new Constitution.The fight for ratification was arduous, as many feared creating an overly powerful centralized government that may again endanger individual rights.